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12.3. 使用 pip 管理包

如果你重新运行命令（pip install requests==2.6.0），会注意到要求的版本已经安装，不会去做任何事情。你也可以提供一个不同的版本号来安装，或者运行来升级包到最新版本:pippip install --upgrade

-> pip install --upgrade requests
Collecting requests
Installing collected packages: requests
  Found existing installation: requests 2.6.0
    Uninstalling requests-2.6.0:
      Successfully uninstalled requests-2.6.0
Successfully installed requests-2.7.0

pip uninstall后跟一个或者多个包名将会从虚拟环境中移除这些包。

pip show将会显示一个指定的包的信息:

(tutorial-env) -> pip show requests
---
Metadata-Version: 2.0
Name: requests
Version: 2.7.0
Summary: Python HTTP for Humans.
Home-page: http://python-requests.org
Author: Kenneth Reitz
Author-email: me@kennethreitz.com
License: Apache 2.0
Location: /Users/akuchling/envs/tutorial-env/lib/python3.4/site-packages
Requires:

pip list将会列出所有安装在虚拟环境中的包:

(tutorial-env) -> pip list
novas (3.1.1.3)
numpy (1.9.2)
pip (7.0.3)
requests (2.7.0)
setuptools (16.0)

pip freeze将会生成一个类似需要安装的包的列表，但是输出采用了期望的格式。常见的做法就是把它们放在一个文件:pip installrequirements.txt

(tutorial-env) -> pip freeze > requirements.txt
(tutorial-env) -> cat requirements.txt
novas==3.1.1.3
numpy==1.9.2
requests==2.7.0

requirements.txt能够被提交到版本控制中并且作为一个应用程序的一部分。用户们可以使用安装所有必须的包:install -r

-> pip install -r requirements.txt
Collecting novas==3.1.1.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 1))
  ...
Collecting numpy==1.9.2 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2))
  ...
Collecting requests==2.7.0 (from -r requirements.txt (line 3))
  ...
Installing collected packages: novas, numpy, requests
  Running setup.py install for novas
Successfully installed novas-3.1.1.3 numpy-1.9.2 requests-2.7.0

pip还有更多的选项。请参考 installing-index 指南获取关于完整的文档。当你编写一个包并且在 Python Package Index 中也出现的话，请参考 distributing-index 指南。pip

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